Microsoft Press CLR via C Sharp 4th Edition 2012 RETAiL | 12 Mb
We’re excited to announce the availability of CLR via C#, Fourth Edition (ISBN 9780735667457) by Jeffrey Richter! This is a must-have title for developers who want a deep understanding of the tools they’re using and the concepts they’re employing. Learn why C# is the way it is by reading Richter’s deft explanation of how the common language runtime (CLR) works and the facilities that it offers, and about the core parts of the Framework Class Library (FCL).
Managed Heap Basics
Every program uses resources of one sort or another, be they files, memory buffers, screen space, network connections, database resources, and so on. In fact, in an object-oriented environment, every type identifies some resource available for a program’s use. To use any of these resources requires memory to be allocated to represent the type. The following steps are required to access a resource:
1. Allocate memory for the type that represents the resource (usually accomplished by using C#’s new operator).
2. Initialize the memory to set the initial state of the resource and to make the resource usable. The type’s instance constructor is responsible for setting this initial state.
3. Use the resource by accessing the type’s members (repeating as necessary).
4. Tear down the state of a resource to clean up.
5. Free the memory. The garbage collector is solely responsible for this step.
Allocating Resources from the Managed Heap
The CLR requires that all objects be allocated from the managed heap. When a process is initialized, the CLR allocates a region of address space for the managed heap. The CLR also maintains a pointer, which I’ll call NextObjPtr. This pointer indicates where the next object is to be allocated within the heap. Initially, NextObjPtr is set to the base address of the address space region.
As region fills with non-garbage objects, the CLR allocates more regions and continues to do this until the whole process’s address space is full. So, your application’s memory is limited by the process’s virtual address space. In a 32-bit process, you can allocate close to 1.5 gigabytes (GB) and in a 64-bit process, you can allocate close to 8 terabytes.
We’re excited to announce the availability of CLR via C#, Fourth Edition (ISBN 9780735667457) by Jeffrey Richter! This is a must-have title for developers who want a deep understanding of the tools they’re using and the concepts they’re employing. Learn why C# is the way it is by reading Richter’s deft explanation of how the common language runtime (CLR) works and the facilities that it offers, and about the core parts of the Framework Class Library (FCL).
Managed Heap Basics
Every program uses resources of one sort or another, be they files, memory buffers, screen space, network connections, database resources, and so on. In fact, in an object-oriented environment, every type identifies some resource available for a program’s use. To use any of these resources requires memory to be allocated to represent the type. The following steps are required to access a resource:
1. Allocate memory for the type that represents the resource (usually accomplished by using C#’s new operator).
2. Initialize the memory to set the initial state of the resource and to make the resource usable. The type’s instance constructor is responsible for setting this initial state.
3. Use the resource by accessing the type’s members (repeating as necessary).
4. Tear down the state of a resource to clean up.
5. Free the memory. The garbage collector is solely responsible for this step.
Allocating Resources from the Managed Heap
The CLR requires that all objects be allocated from the managed heap. When a process is initialized, the CLR allocates a region of address space for the managed heap. The CLR also maintains a pointer, which I’ll call NextObjPtr. This pointer indicates where the next object is to be allocated within the heap. Initially, NextObjPtr is set to the base address of the address space region.
As region fills with non-garbage objects, the CLR allocates more regions and continues to do this until the whole process’s address space is full. So, your application’s memory is limited by the process’s virtual address space. In a 32-bit process, you can allocate close to 1.5 gigabytes (GB) and in a 64-bit process, you can allocate close to 8 terabytes.
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